Formation of the regular satellites of giant planets in an extended gaseous nebula I: subnebula model and accretion of satellites     

Ignacio Mosqueira  Paul R. Estrada 《Icarus》2003,163(1):198-231

We model the subnebulae of Jupiter and Saturn wherein satellite accretion took place. We expect each giant planet subnebula to be composed of an optically thick (given gaseous opacity) inner region inside of the planet’s centrifugal radius (where the specific angular momentum of the collapsing giant planet gaseous envelope achieves centrifugal balance, located at rCJ ∼ 15R_J for Jupiter and rCS ∼ 22R_S for Saturn) and an optically thin, extended outer disk out to a fraction of the planet’s Roche-lobe (R_H), which we choose to be ∼R_H/5 (located at ∼150 R_J near the inner irregular satellites for Jupiter, and ∼200R_S near Phoebe for Saturn). This places Titan and Ganymede in the inner disk, Callisto and Iapetus in the outer disk, and Hyperion in the transition region. The inner disk is the leftover of the gas accreted by the protoplanet. The outer disk may result from the nebula gas flowing into the protoplanet during the time of giant planet gap-opening (or cessation of gas accretion). For the sake of specificity, we use a solar composition “minimum mass” model to constrain the gas densities of the inner and outer disks of Jupiter and Saturn (and also Uranus). Our model has Ganymede at a subnebula temperature of ∼250 K and Titan at ∼100 K. The outer disks of Jupiter and Saturn have constant temperatures of 130 and 90 K, respectively.Our model has Callisto forming in a time scale ∼10⁶ years, Iapetus in 10⁶-10⁷ years, Ganymede in 10³-10⁴ years, and Titan in 10⁴-10⁵ years. Callisto takes much longer to form than Ganymede because it draws materials from the extended, low density portion of the disk; its accretion time scale is set by the inward drift times of satellitesimals with sizes 300-500 km from distances ∼100R_J. This accretion history may be consistent with a partially differentiated Callisto with a ∼300-km clean ice outer shell overlying a mixed ice and rock-metal interior as suggested by Anderson et al. (2001), which may explain the Ganymede-Callisto dichotomy without resorting to fine-tuning poorly known model parameters. It is also possible that particulate matter coupled to the high specific angular momentum gas flowing through the gap after giant planet gap-opening, capture of heliocentric planetesimals by the extended gas disk, or ablation of planetesimals passing through the disk contributes to the solid content of the disk and lengthens the time scale for Callisto’s formation. Furthermore, this model has Hyperion forming just outside Saturn’s centrifugal radius, captured into resonance by proto-Titan in the presence of a strong gas density gradient as proposed by Lee and Peale (2000). While Titan may have taken significantly longer to form than Ganymede, it still formed fast enough that we would expect it to be fully differentiated. In this sense, it is more like Ganymede than like Callisto (Saturn’s analog of Callisto, we expect, is Iapetus). An alternative starved disk model whose satellite accretion time scale for all the regular satellites is set by the feeding of planetesimals or gas from the planet’s Roche-lobe after gap-opening is likely to imply a long accretion time scale for Titan with small quantities of NH₃ present, leading to a partially differentiated (Callisto-like) Titan. The Cassini mission may resolve this issue conclusively. We briefly discuss the retention of elements more volatile than H₂O as well as other issues that may help to test our model.  相似文献   

城市地理数据生产及应用调查与评估分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

孔云峰  刘欣亮 《地球信息科学学报》2006,8(3):7-11

国内城市地理数据开发和应用水平差异很大,且不少城市面临诸多困难和挑战。本文使用问卷调查和案例分析的方法评估城市地理数据的开发和应用水平,为城市地理数据资源开发和持续利用提供战略建议。同时分析了地理空间数据的基本特征,强调了地理数据的重要性,提出反映地理空间数据生产与应用水平的关键指标,如专业人才与组织、数据投资与预算、数据生产与供应、数据标准与质量、空间数据基础设施、数据法令与政策、数据应用与效益、数据共享程度、成功应用数目等,建议依据这些基本要素构建评估指标体系。最后提出了城市地理空间数据生产与应用调查的组织、方法和程序,并建议政府主管部门或行业协会尽快展开有关工作。  相似文献   

浅谈项目投资失败的原因及对策     

梁宗念 《南方国土资源》2002,15(2):69-72

地勘单位在向企业化经营转变的过程中 ,投资兴办了许多企业 ,但不少项目以失败告终。文章分析探讨了失败的原因 ,并提出相应的对策  相似文献   

地震前后垂直形变场动态演化的量化指标   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

张四新  王双绪  陈兵  李风琴 《大地测量与地球动力学》2004,24(3):35-40

提出一种表达垂直形变场动态演化过程的量化指标——区域应变率、应变集中度。在此基础上，对南北地震带各水准监测区近30年的垂直形变资料进行了实际计算．并结合具体震例进行了对比研究。结果表明：量化指标在一定程度上能够反映地震前后形变场的动态演化过程和地壳运动状态，对地震的中长期预报有一定的积极意义。  相似文献   

基于PowerBuilder的信息系统的权限控制     

罗卫敏 《成都信息工程学院学报》2004,19(2):209-213

针对信息系统安全的考虑,介绍在PowerBuilder环境中对用户权限的具体控制.  相似文献   

Solution to the rotation of the elastic earth by method of rigid dynamics     

Yoshio Kubo 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1990,50(2):165-187

Hamiltonian mechanics is applied to the problem of the rotation of the elastic Earth. We first show the process for the formulation of the Hamiltonian for rotation of a deformable body and the derivation of the equations of motion from it. Then, based on a simple model of deformation, the solution is given for the period of Euler motion, UT1 and the nutation of the elastic Earth. In particular it is shown that the elasticity of the Earth acts on the nutation so as to decrease the Oppolzer terms of the nutation of the rigid Earth by about 30 per cent. The solution is in good agreement with results which have been obtained by other, different approaches.  相似文献   

长江中下游地区地下水卤素元素的形成及其分布规律     

曾昭华 《浙江国土资源》1997,(1)

本文以丰富的实际资料，论证了地下水的卤素元素（F、Cl、Br、I）的形成、含量及其分布规律与含水介质成分、上覆岩土性质、地下水退流条件、氧化还原环境、地下水矿化度之间的关系。根据江汉平原东部区和鄱阳湖区地下水中Br、I元素的调查研究结果及它们形成的控制因素与分布规律，结合长江三角洲南部区水文地球化学环境条件分析对比，指出该区是一个形成Br、I矿泉水的有利地区。  相似文献   

Isotopic evidence for holocene climatic changes in Bosten Lake, Southern Xinjiang, China     

Zhong Wei  Xiong Heigang 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1997,8(2):176-182

Based on the δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O fluctuation of lacustrine carbonate, CaCO₃ content and sporo-pollen data, a palaeoclimatic history of Bosten Lake during the Holocene has been outlined, several stages of climatic changes are divided, and the following result es are obtained: (1) Palaeoclimatic changes revealed by carbonate isotope around Bosten Lake are basically identical with that revealed by other geological records in Xinjiang. Environmental changes presented apparent Westlies Style model: during cold period, relative humidity increased, δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C and CaCO₃ appeared low; but in warm periods, the dry regime aggravated. (2) The temperature reflected by δ¹⁸O exist evident features being increase in the late period during the Holocene. Together with the δ¹³C, pollen and CaCO₃ analyses, several cold and warm phases which are of broad regional significance can be identified. The warm peaks occurred at about 11.0 ka B.P., 9.4 ka B.P., 7.5 ka B.P., 5.0 ka B.P., 3.0 ka B.P. and 2.0 ka B.P.; the cold peaks at 11.5 ka B.P., 10.5 ka B.P., 8.8 ka B.P., 5.5 ka B.P., 3.3 ka B.P., 2.2 ka B.P. and 1.5 ka B.P.. (3) Several climatic events with the nature of “abrupt climatic changes” are revealed in the periods of 11.0 ka B.P. −10.5 ka B.P., 9.4 ka B.P. −8.8 ka B.P., 5.5 ka B.P. −5.0 ka B.P. and 2.0 ka B.P. −1.5 ka B.P.. (4) The results show that carbonate isotopic record of lacustrine sediment in arid area is very sensitive to climatic changes, and may be play a very important role in understanding the features and mechanism of palaeoclimatic changes.  相似文献   

浅论经济增长与物价水平的关系     

文华  李少宇 《成都信息工程学院学报》1997,(4)

从交易方程出发，初步分析了经济增长与物价水平的关系，得到了一些有益的结果。  相似文献   

Porphyroblast inclusion-trail orientation data: eppure non son girate*!     

T. H. BELL  S. E. JOHNSON  B. DAVIS  A. FORDE  N. HAYWARD  C. WILKINS 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1992,10(3):295-307

Extensive examination of large numbers of spatially orientated thin sections of orientated samples from orogens of all ages around the world has demonstrated that porphyroblasts do not rotate relative to geographical coordinates during highly non-coaxial ductile deformation of the matrix subsequent to their growth. This has been demonstrated for all tectonic environments so far investigated. The work also has provided new insights and data on metamorphic, structural and tectonic processes including: (1) the intimate control of deformation partitioning on metamorphic reactions; (2) solutions to the lack of correlation between lineations that indicate the direction of movement within thrusts and shear zones, and relative plate motion; and (3) a possible technique for determining the direction of relative plate motion that caused orogenesis in ancient orogens.  相似文献